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The Syntax of Class explores the literary expression of the crisis of social classification that occupied U.S. public discourse in the wake of the European revolutions of 1848. Lacking a native language for expressing class differences, American writers struggled to find social taxonomies able to capture--and manage--increasingly apparent inequalities of wealth and power. As new social types emerged at midcentury and, with them, new narratives of success and failure, police and reformers alarmed the public with stories of the rise and proliferation of the "dangerous classes." At the same time, novelists as different as Maria Cummins, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Frank Webb, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, and Horatio Alger Jr. focused their attention on dense engagements across the lines of class. Turning to the middle-class idea of "home" as a figure for social harmony and to the lexicons of race and gender in their effort to devise a syntax for the representation of class, these writers worked to solve the puzzle of inequity in their putatively classless nation. This study charts the kaleidoscopic substitution of terms through which they rendered class distinctions and follows these renderings as they circulated in and through a wider cultural discourse about the dangers of class conflict. This welcome book is a finely achieved study of the operation of class in nineteenth-century American fiction--and of its entanglements with the languages of race and gender.

Race in literature. --- Sex role in literature. --- Social conflict in literature. --- Literature and society --- Social classes in literature. --- American fiction --- History --- History and criticism. --- Race in literature --- Sex role in literature --- Social classes in literature --- Social conflict in literature --- History and criticism

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Social conflict in literature --- Race in literature

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Recent teacher walkouts affirm public education as a crucial public benefit and understand the rampant disinvestment in public education not simply as a local issue affecting teacher paychecks but also as a danger to communities and to democracy. In February 2018, 35,000 public school educators and staff walked off the job in West Virginia. More than 100,000 teachers in other states--both right-to-work states, like West Virginia, and those with a unionized workforce--followed them over the next year. From Arizona, Kentucky, and Oklahoma to Colorado and California, teachers announced to state legislators that not only their abysmal wages but the deplorable conditions of their work and the increasingly straitened circumstances of public education were unacceptable.This collection gathers together original essays, written by teachers involved in strikes nationwide, by students and parents who supported them, by journalists who covered these strikes in depth, and by outside analysts (academic and otherwise) who have considered the place of these strikes in the broader landscape of recent labor organizing and battles over public education and have attended to the largely female workforce and, often, largely non-white student population of America's schools.

Strikes and lockouts --- Education --- Teachers --- Teachers --- Social aspects --- Social conditions.